1. ELEMENTAL LAYER

(Base Physical Constituents)

This is:

• periodic-table-proximate,

• atomic behavior,

• conductive properties,

• hardness,

• crystal structures,

• thermal properties,

• oxidation behavior,

• magnetic characteristics.

Examples:

• copper,

• silver,

• gold,

• iron,

• carbon,

• silicon,

• aluminum,

• titanium,

• tungsten,

• molybdenum

• lithium,

• sodium,

• rare earths.